فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 49 (بهار 1400)

Homeobox C8 (Hoxc8) and Homeobox C9 (Hoxc9) are homeoproteins involving in white adipose tissue development. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on gene expression of Hoxc8 and Hoxc9 gene in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). For this, 16 wistar rats (5 weeks old; an average of 210 gram) were divided into two groups included: 1) Control (n=8) and 2) Endurance Training (n=8). The subjects of training group underwent continues endurance training (by average speed of 25 m/min; by average duration of 25 min) on treadmill for eight weeks (5 session pre week). To measure of gene expression of subcutaneous tissue were used the Real Time (RT) –PCR method. Data showed that gene expression of UCP1 was significantly higher in trained group than control (P=0.018). However, the gene expression of Hoxc8 and Hoxc9 were not significantly different between trained and control groups (Phoxc8=0.36; Phoxc9=0.52). The results of this study showed that the endurance training did not change the gene expression of Hoxc8 and Hoxc9 in subcutaneous WAT, probably suggesting that the endurance training could not change the feature of white adipose tissue with respect to whitening and browning of WAT.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of three models of high intensity interval exercise with synchronize, consecutive and alternate upper and lower body activity on plasma Irisin and BDNF among obese women. To this aim, 11 untrained obese women (30/5±5/8yrs; body fat: %39/9±4/0) completed three protocols on the Elliptical ergometer in cross design method. Regarding consecutive protocols, the arm and then leg pedaling was done consecutively, each 10 repeats with 90% wmax for 40minutes. In synchronize protocols, 10 repetitions of arm and leg pedaling were simultaneously performed with 90% wmax for 29minutes. As for alternate protocol, arm and leg pedaling was alternately done, each 14 repeats with 90% wmax for 26.6 minutes. Then, each bout of activity was separated by one-minute active rest with 30% wmax. In addition, the blood samples were taken before the first protocol and one hour after completing each protocol. Results of repeated measure ANOVA and LSD post hoc test reported no significant difference (p≤0/05) in Irisin or BDNF changes between protocols. However, 28/24% (p=0/02), 21/86% and 17/18% (p=0/03) increase occurred at the synchronize, consecutive and alternate protocols in Irisin levels, respectively while 0/01%, 10/08%, 10/76% reduction occurred in BDNF levels, respectively, compared to baseline values. In spite of spent less time on synchronize and alternate models than consecutive model and lower perceived exertion in alternate model than synchronize model, it seems that Irisin and BDNF secretion is mainly affected from energy expenditure during exercise than activity intensity, duration or order of muscle activity.

There have been limited studies on the effect of the combination of aerobic exercise and alcohol consumption on regulators of antioxidant defense systems, especially erythroid nuclear factor 2 associated with factor 2 (Nrf2) in heart muscle.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with ethanol consumption on Nrf2 gene expression in heart tissue and antioxidant parameters of plasma in male rats. A number of 32 rats with a weighing average of 230 ± 6 g were divided into four groups control, aerobic exercise, ethanol 20% at a dose of 4 g/kgbw, and ethanol+ aerobic exercise. At the end of the period, levels of Nrf2 gene expression and total capacity antioxidant and malondialdehyde were evaluated. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA at the significant level of p≤0.05.The results showed that aerobic exercise had a significant effect on Nrf2 gene expression (P=0.0068).The results showed no significant effect of ethanol consumption (P=0.312) and interaction effect between aerobic exercise and ethanol consumption (P=0.237) on Nrf2 gene expression. Aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 gene in the aerobic exercise and ethanol+ aerobic exercise groups compared to the control. Ethanol consumption significantly reduced TCA and increased MDA levels compared to other groups.The findings showed that ethanol consumption decreased and increased plasma levels of TAC and MDA, respectively. In contrast, aerobic exercise through increasing TAC levels and increase Nrf2 gene expression leads to a decrease in the oxidative damage caused by ethanol consumption.

One of the neuronal differentiation markers is NeuN proteins that expression in mature neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 20 days of swimming exercise on NeuN protein and ganglionic cell number in DRG in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were prepared from the Pasteur laboratory animal and randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental). The experimental group performed a swimming exercise program (30 min/day equal 65% Vo2max) for 20 days. 48 hours after the end of the last session the rats were Anesthetized and sacrificed and the dorsal root ganglion was isolated from the lower limb region. To assessing ganglion population and NeuN protein, cresyl violet and hemotoxylin-aosin staining were used respectively. The independent t student was used to determine of group differences. The results of this study showed that swimming exercises significantly increase NeuN protein (p < 0.05). Additionally, the number of ganglion cells in the exercise group significantly increased (p < 0.05). This study showed for the first time that the swimming exercise causes an increase in sensory neurons number and also induce differentiation of them that result in the development of mature sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion in the spinal cord.

Adipokine and inflammatory biomarkers, facilitate the degradation effects of obesity, such as insulin resistance that, are susceptible to induction of metabolic disease. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance, endurance and concurrent training on serum CTRP-12, Furin, KLF-15 and insulin resistance in sedentary obese men. 40 inactive obese men (30-45 yrs, BMI≥30) were randomly divided into 4 groups, resistance training, endurance training, concurrent training, and control. The training groups trained for 8 weeks, three sessions a week. Serum levels of CTRP-12, Furin and KLF-15 were measured using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA at the significance level (p ≤ 0.05). The result of dependent t-test showed that KLF-15 values of endurance training groups (p = 0.006) and concurrent (p = 0.036) significantly increased. However, furin values in these two groups showed a significant decrease (p = 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). The values of CTRP-12 were only significant increase in the concurrent training group (p = 0.023). endurance (p = 0.009) and concurrent (p = 0.006) groups have significantly decreased in insulin resistance. In the intergroup analysis, aerobic training induces a significant cheange in KLF-15 (P = 0.039) and furin (p = 0.031) compared to control group. It seems that the use of endurance training, and in particular concurrent training, has a better effect on lipid profiles, as well as the upregulation of new anti-inflammatory adipokines such as KLF-15 and CTRP-12, and downregulatin of inflammatory adipokine furin

The aim of this study was to assess and investigate the men and women physical fitness of Kermanshah city aged 18-60 years old. The subjects were 200 men and 200 woman, aged of 18-60 in Kermanshah city that were selected based on the research standards. The variables of cardio-respiratory fitness, percentage of body fat, waist/hip ratio(WHR), flexibility, muscle strength of two hands, chest muscles endurance and abdominal muscles endurance were measured and registered based on the following, respectively: Rockport one mile walking test, measurement of waist and hip with tape measure, flexometer box, dynamometer, press- up and sit-up. The findings of this study in men and women showed that the mean of the age was 34/82±11/42 and 36.96 ± 1.31 years, height 179/64±5/297 and 161.46 ± 0.57 cm. and weight 80/97±8/586 and 70.86 ± 1.17 kg; the mean of BMI=26/12±4/016 and 27.30 ± 5.7 kg/m2, WHR: 0/927±0/25 and 0.829 m, flexibility=29/43±5/03 and 23.91 cm, right grip strength :42/21±8/63 and 24.63 kg, left grip strength: 36/02±7/75 and 23.13 kg, chest muscles endurance: 44/18±8/63 and 14.32 push-up, aerobic power:45/14±8/09 and 38.88 ml/kg.min, body fat percentage:23/28±3/42 and 27.30 ± 5.7 percent, abdominal muscle endurance: 32/81±6/27 and 28.94 sit-up, respectively. Comparing the current norms and the data of other studies, Kermanshah males had better condition than the other cities and countries regarding the variables of aerobic power, grip strength and chest muscle endurance. On the other hand, women in Kermanshah have poor status in fat percentage, grips strength and flexibility.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and amyloid peptides playing a central role in its pathogenesis. Recently, regular exercise has been considered as one of the most important non-pharmacological mechanisms to contrast with AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks exercise on mRNA of GDNF in rat’s hippocampus with AD induced by Aβ1-42 injection.

56 male rats with mean±SD weight of 195±20 g were randomly divided Into four groups: training group, Aβ-42 induction + training group, Aβ-42 induction group and control group. injection of Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus was performed. Seven days after surgery, rats of each groups were either sacrificed or subjected to behavioral testing, randomly. Real-Time PCR were used for investigation of mRNA GDNF.

there is a significant difference between the groups. Gene expression level in training group was higher and in the Aβ-42 induction group was lower (p < 0.001). Moreover, spatial learning and memory were significantly better in the exercise + AD than AD group (p < 0.01).

It seems that 4 weeks of exercise could improve spatial memory and learning. Moreover, aerobic exercise could increase the level of neurotrophic factors gene expression specially GDNF in rat’s hippocampus.

It is important to maintain the structure and function of the brain throughout life. The main important brain developmental processes occur during the critical periods, especially prepuberty. Thus, environmental interventions during this critical period can lead to significant and permanent changes in developing structures such as the hippocampus. Here, the current study investigated the effect of combined training and play in an enriched environment during prepuberty on the hippocampal structure in adult rats. For this purpose, in this longitudinal study, 27 male rats were divided into three groups of combined training, play in an enriched environment, and control. Interventions were performed for three weeks (28-48 postnatal days). Subsequently, all animals were kept in the standard cages without any intervention until adulthood (48-85 postnatal days). After this period, the animals were sacrificed and hippocampal tissues were removed. The Western blotting and Nissl staining methods were used to assess the brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the number of cells in the hippocampus, respectively. The results showed that BDNF levels (P<0.0001) and the number of cells in the hippocampus (P<0.05, P<0.001) increased significantly in the groups with training and play in enriched environment. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that training interventions such as organized exercise and active play during sensitive developmental periods have strong and long-lasting effects on the hippocampal structure by increasing BDNF expression.